References¶
Primary References¶
These are the key publications used in the development and validation of the Plate Heat Exchanger unit operation.
1. Martin — Chevron-Type Plate Heat Exchangers¶
Martin, H. "A theoretical approach to predict the performance of chevron-type plate heat exchangers." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, Vol. 35(4), pp. 301-310, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0255-2701(95)04129-X
Presents a generalised Leveque-type Nusselt correlation for chevron-corrugated plates that combines the friction factor with thermal performance through the generalised Leveque equation. This approach requires only the chevron angle and the enlargement factor as geometric inputs, making it widely applicable across different plate designs.
Used for: Nusselt number correlation — the primary heat transfer model in the PHE implementation.
2. Kumar — Plate Heat Exchanger Construction and Design¶
Kumar, H. "The plate heat exchanger: construction and design." 1st UK National Conference on Heat Transfer, University of Leeds, Inst. Chem. Eng. Symposium Series No. 86, pp. 1275-1286, 1984.
Comprehensive treatment of plate heat exchanger construction, gasketing, and flow distribution. Provides friction factor correlations for chevron plates that account for the chevron angle through empirical coefficients, covering both laminar and turbulent regimes.
Used for: Friction factor correlation and pressure drop calculation.
3. Shah & Focke — Plate Heat Exchanger Design Theory¶
Shah, R.K. and Focke, W.W. "Plate heat exchangers and their design theory." Heat Transfer Equipment Design, Hemisphere Publishing, Washington, DC, pp. 227-254, 1988.
Thorough review of plate heat exchanger thermal-hydraulic design methods including the effects of chevron angle on heat transfer and friction factor, port pressure losses, and flow maldistribution.
Used for: Geometric parameter definitions, flow arrangement classification, and design methodology.
4. Kakac & Liu — Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating, and Thermal Design¶
Kakac, S. and Liu, H. Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating, and Thermal Design, 2nd Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2002. ISBN: 0-8493-0902-6.
Textbook covering the full spectrum of heat exchanger analysis: LMTD method, \(\varepsilon\)-NTU method, rating, and sizing for all major exchanger types including plate heat exchangers. Provides worked examples and typical overall heat transfer coefficient ranges.
Used for: \(\varepsilon\)-NTU method theory, overall coefficient benchmarks, and thermal design framework.
5. Shah & Sekulic — Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design¶
Shah, R.K. and Sekulic, D.P. Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2003. ISBN: 0-471-32171-0.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470172605
Comprehensive treatment of heat exchanger classification, thermal design methods, and the \(\varepsilon\)-NTU formulas for all standard flow configurations. Chapter 3 provides the analytical effectiveness expressions used as the primary validation reference.
Used for: Analytical \(\varepsilon\)-NTU formulas for counterflow and co-current configurations, heat exchanger classification.
6. Incropera et al. — Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer¶
Incropera, F.P., DeWitt, D.P., Bergman, T.L. and Lavine, A.S. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, 2007. ISBN: 978-0-471-45728-2.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119375517
Standard undergraduate/graduate textbook covering heat exchanger analysis methods including the LMTD correction factor approach and the \(\varepsilon\)-NTU method. Chapter 11 provides the theoretical framework for relating overall heat transfer coefficient, area, and temperature differences.
Used for: LMTD derivation, overall heat transfer coefficient definitions, energy balance formulations.
Supporting References¶
7. Kays & London — Compact Heat Exchangers¶
Kays, W.M. and London, A.L. Compact Heat Exchangers, 3rd Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984. ISBN: 0-07-033418-8.
The foundational reference for the effectiveness-NTU method applied to compact heat exchangers. Provides analytical \(\varepsilon\)-NTU formulas, graphical charts, and performance data for a wide range of surface geometries.
Used for: \(\varepsilon\)-NTU analytical reference for 2-stream validation, compact surface theory.
8. Muley & Manglik — Turbulent Flow in Chevron Plates¶
Muley, A. and Manglik, R.M. "Experimental Study of Turbulent Flow Heat Transfer and Frictional Losses in a Plate-Frame Heat Exchanger With Chevron Plates." ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 121(1), pp. 110-117, 1999.
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2825924
Experimental study providing Nusselt number and friction factor data for chevron plates in the turbulent regime. The data are used to benchmark the Martin (1996) generalised correlation against measured performance.
Used for: Experimental benchmarking of heat transfer and friction factor correlations.
9. DWSIM — Open-Source Process Simulator¶
DWSIM Team. DWSIM — Open Source Process Simulator. Version 8.x, 2024.
https://dwsim.org/ https://github.com/DanWBR/dwsim
Open-source chemical process simulator providing the thermodynamic engine (property packages, flash calculations) and the external unit operation framework used by the PHE implementation. All fluid properties (density, viscosity, specific heat, thermal conductivity) are evaluated through the DWSIM property system.
Used for: Thermodynamic calculations, flash algorithms, unit operation framework, property evaluation.
10. MATLAB Simscape — Plate Heat Exchanger (TL-TL)¶
MathWorks. Simscape Fluids — Plate Heat Exchanger (TL-TL) Block Reference.
https://www.mathworks.com/help/hydro/ref/plateheatexchangertltl.html
Reference documentation for the MATLAB Simscape thermal-liquid plate heat exchanger block. The 25-plate geometry (5 mm spacing, 500 x 1000 mm) used in Test 3 is based on this reference configuration.
Used for: Reference geometry for validation Test 3, cross-tool comparison.
11. Bell & Mueller — Wolverine Engineering Data Book II¶
Bell, K.J. and Mueller, A.C. Wolverine Engineering Data Book II. Wolverine Tube Inc., 2001.
Engineering data book with comprehensive tables of fouling factors, overall heat transfer coefficients, and practical design data for shell-and-tube and plate heat exchangers.
Used for: Typical overall heat transfer coefficient ranges, fouling resistance values.
12. Perry & Green — Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook¶
Perry, R.H. and Green, D.W. Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 8th Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2008. ISBN: 978-0-07-142294-9.
Standard engineering reference with comprehensive tables of overall heat transfer coefficients (Section 11), fouling factors, and heat exchanger selection guidelines. Table 11-5 provides the typical \(U\)-value ranges used to validate the PHE results.
Used for: Typical \(U\)-value ranges for water-water plate heat exchangers, engineering data, and design guidelines.